The strategy of omission was used in about two-third of the swear words as Fig. 5 shows. This strategy could be the easiest for the subtitlers, as it does not require any effort from the subtitlers. However, using it densely may affect the meaning and sometimes lead to poor translation (Al-Zgoul and Al-Salman, 2022). It can be argued that omission occurred due to technical or cultural constraints, with the former relating to the spatial and temporal aspects of the subtitles and the latter to the differences between liberal and conservative cultures. Antonini (2005) argued that omission is a reduction strategy resulting from the technical constraints of time and space. However, the meaning of the audiovisual product should be delivered with such technical constraints (Matkivska, 2014). Resorting to the strategy of omission seems to be relatively common, as it was discussed by different scholars (ElShiekh, 2016; Hosseinnia, 2014; Simanjuntak and Basari, 2016). Using this strategy is not haphazard and requires a profound knowledge of the connotative functions of the linguistic elements so that susbtitlers compensate for the loss that occurred due to the act of deletion. To reflect and recap, omission affects utterances due to what Matkivska (2014) explained as the synchronism of the characteristic, which entails delivering the meaning of the whole audiovisual product within the technical constraints. The other two strategies that were used by the subtitlers are softening (euphemism) and swear-to-non-swear (neutralization). These two strategies could be better choices when compared to omission, as the loss of the meaning resulting from the deletion of the swear words may affect the comprehension of the target audience. The findings of this study are in harmony with those of Cuenca (2016) who examined the strategies used in subtitling taboo words from English into Spanish and found that omission, euphemism, and neutralization were employed by the subtitlers.
Fansubbing in China involves a great number of people who have made significant efforts to produce subtitles for a considerable number of foreign audiovisual programmes in a wide variety of languages. Most of these people are working voluntarily outside the officially sanctioned distribution channels. While being pressured by copyright protection and official prosecutions, fansubbing groups have brought contemporary foreign audiovisual entertainment into the daily life of Chinese people. Fansubbing groups strive to enhance fansubbed versions by providing extra contextual and cultural explanations through various explanatory techniques and by rendering source-language dialogue creatively with colloquial register associated with vernacular Chinese. Although the foreign elements in a given original are domesticated in the latter case, the domestication is achieved without disregarding the original context. Hence, the naturalisation in fansubs should be distinguished from that seen in official subtitles. Further, fansubbers aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the original by adding explanatory notes, particularly when the information is unfamiliar or unknown to target audiences. A subtitle with an explanatory note attached occupies more space on the screen (and intrudes into the visual field further if the note appears on the top of the screen), which may cause the audience to have difficulty in following the pace of the narrative, as they have to make an extra effort to read the notes. By conducting trial exhibitions with volunteers who agree to partake in eye-tracking analysis, research elsewhere has drawn positive feedback from viewers as to the extent to which explanatory notes assist them in their viewing experience (Caffrey 2009; Orrego Carmona 2015). This outcome can be further verified among Chinese-speaking audiences in different geo-political contexts. Potential studies in this remit may also shed light on the influence of fansubbing on the broader socio-political context of China where, according to Lin (2002), translation has been functioning as a catalyst for social change.
Taboo American Style Subtitles 2 VERIFIED
Online educational resources, such as MOOCs, is becoming increasingly popular, especially in higher education field. One most important media type for MOOCs is course video. Besides traditional bottom-position subtitle accompany to the videos, in recent years, researchers try to develop more advanced algorithms to generate speaker-following style subtitles. However, the effectiveness of such subtitle is still unclear. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between subtitle position and the learning effect after watching the video on tablet devices. Inspired with image based human eye tracking technique, this work combines the objective gaze estimation statistics with subjective user study to achieve a convincing conclusion - speaker-following subtitles are more suitable for online educational videos. 2ff7e9595c
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